Organizational Studies Behavior, Attitudes, And...

Section 1: Background Organizational studies the behaviour, attitudes and performance of people in organisations. This field puts the lens of analysis on how employees’ work contributes to or detracts from the effectiveness and productivity of the organisation. The field has three units of analysis: the individual, the group and the organisation (competitive advantage once again). A ‘micro’ – individual-employee level – aspect of OB emphasises the first two units of analysis and stresses topics such as personality traits (individual differences), employee attitudes and motivation to work, leadership, group formation and group decision making. The ‘macro’ or big-picture approach addresses the organisation as the primary unit of analysis. This is called organisational theory, and its focus is on the topics of organisational structure and organisa- tional design . OB draws support from the fields of individual psychology (personality and co gnition), social psychology (people interacting), industrial psychology (people at work), political science (power and influence), anthropology (cultural systems) and economics (incentives and transactions). OT is directly related to OB and draws concepts and research from anthropolo- gy, sociology (nature and behaviour of human groups) and theories of complex organisations (how they form, grow, compete and collaborate). Our approach to OB will use both estab- lished theories and reliable managerial practices to explain the behaviour ofShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behavior Synthesis paper1419 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Behavior The study of people at work is generally referred to as the study of organizational behavior. This chapter will start by defining the term organizational behavior and briefly reviewing its origins. Organizational behavior is the systematic study of the actions and attitudes that people exhibit within organizations. Each person regularly uses intuition or our gut feelings in trying to explain phenomena. For example, a friend catches a cold and we’re quick to remindRead MoreAttitude, Personality, Perception965 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals’ influences can lead to a great performance or poor performance. Therefore, a successful manger should recognize people’s characteristics so as to assign jobs to the right people, adjust people to the suitable environment, and appoint people to the positions which can stretch people’s capability. As such, it must take studies of people’s behavior and characteristics as reference to develop organizational activities. Personality, attitude, and perception of people, there is no doubt, can be principallyRead MoreConflict In The Workplace Case Study940 Words   |  4 PagesA study obtained from the Journal of Organizational Behavior emphasizes main topic points that workplace conflict can generate team effectiveness and result in positive outcomes regarding goal setting. The data used within this study was collected from China. The collection of this data within this location of the world can have a little bias impact due to the nature that the cultural values in the East are different than those cultural values of the West. This viewpoint will be briefly touched uponRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1054 Words   |  5 Pagestask of organizational structure is to encourage people to work hard and coordinate their effort to ensure a high level of organizational performance. To this effect the four key concepts that assistance in achieving the needed performance include understanding the meaning of organizational behavior; individual differences; values, attitudes, and moods and emotions; perception and attribution, and the management of diversity. Organizational Behavior (OB) Defining organizational behavior to be aRead MoreOrganizational Behavior And Human Behavior1217 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational behavior studies the impact of groups, individuals, and structures have on the personal human behavior within many organizations. There is many different definitions of organizational behavior, but they are all relatively the same in all cases. â€Å"Organizational behavior studies organizations from multiple viewpoints, including behavior within the organization and in relation to other organizations (Boundless.com).† This is not just the study on one organization, but the study withinRead MorePersonality Test : The Emotional Intelligence Test1459 Words   |  6 Pageshigh in agreeableness and am more of an introvert than an extrovert. I found it weird however at the end when it asked who I voted for in the last election, as well if I am liberal or conservative. It was intriguing to find out that some people are doing studies on whether politic al preference has a correlation with personalities. Then the DiSC Personality Profile came up and that really challenged my thinking. To me, it is hard to know exactly what would happen in certain situations and the lineRead MoreVisual And Verbal Components Of An Organization Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Culture is something like behavioral rules which are unwritten and unspoken that is produced when group of people comes at a place to work together. Culture is created by the attitude, the values, beliefs and important assumptions as well as performance and activities shared by a group of people. Organizational culture is made up of every sort of experiences that all employee brings to the work place. Organization culture is particularly introduced by the organization s founder, executivesRead MoreManagerial Processes Organizational Behavior1657 Words   |  7 PagesProcesses Organizational Behavior Professor Conkright November 2, 2015 Week 2 Questions 1. An attitude is a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of either favor or disfavor. This idea is important in how it relates to individual behavior. Attitude and behavior almost have a causal relationship. This correspondence depends on attitude specificity, attitude relevance, time of measurement, personality factors, and social constraints (Nelson 124). A bad attitude couldRead MorePersonality Profile Reflection Paper1743 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational behavior studies human behavior and the impact individual attitudes and actions have on performance in the workplace. To provide a personal perspective of personality characteristics, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) assessment was used to measure aspects of my personality and how these traits relate to working with others and life within an organization. Key observations provide specific insight into how these are applied to workplace behavior and interactions withRead Mor eShanghai Tang Case Study1146 Words   |  5 Pagesbeneficial for the business people to be given priority because they know how to allocate cost efficiencies and are more knowledgeable about market trends. In addition to giving priority to the business people of the organization, the company’s vision and strategy needs to be evaluated. In order for the company to be successful, the creative designs need to follow the brand image and the vision of the company. According to the â€Å"Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior,† a vision can be defined

International Aviation Fuel Is Not Taxed - 971 Words

Goal 12.7 is measureable in part, one could make sure that all public procurement methods are in line with the legal standard, yet whether national policies and priorities are sustainable is objective. Goal 12.c is also similar, to measure it one would only have to have a list of harmful subsidies and cross them off when reversed or rationalized, yet this could fluctuate with which subsidies one considers harmful. For example, international aviation fuel is not taxed. Even though there is no direct exchange from a government to a public cooperation it could be considered a subsidy because it helps the aviation industry CITATION Dav03 l 1033 (Pearce, 2003). So to measure goal 12.c one would have to establish a baseline list of harmful subsidies. The goals above, which are recognized as measureable, are already being recorded. Goal 12.3, dealing with cutting food waste is already being measured all over the globe, including which phase of the food supply chain most food is being wasted. In higher income countries, consumers waste more where as in lower income countries food tends to be wasted in production CITATION Gus11 l 1033 (Gustavsson, Cederberg, Sonesson, 2011). Goal 12.4, relating to sound management of chemicals, is also being recorded. This goal is usually recorded on a more local basis, dealing with pollution within a certain area or body of water. This is documented within developed and developing countries, for example, there was a case study done on â€Å"BehaviorShow MoreRelatedDiagnosing The Change : Managing Organizational Change Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental premise of the model is that planned change should flow from environment to the organizational performance. For my research project, both airlines Delta and United Airlines have environmental factors that have affected their performance. Jet Fuel prices have driven up the operational cost of both companies. Internal factor such as unions and employee issues have impacted the both the airliner’s performance and have also impacted the top line and bottom line of these two merged companies. BothRead MoreSouthwest s Strategic Perspective With A Low Cost Business Model843 Words   |  4 Pagesthings, it has been cyclical, energy intensive, labor intensive, capital intensive, technology intensive, highly regulated, heavily taxed, and extremely competitive (Southwest, 2016). Thus, to maintain a competitive advantage, on July 1st, 2014, they began offering international flights to Aruba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas (Jones, 2014). Currently, they have 11 international destinations (Trevis Team, 2015). According to Southwest’s proxy their main competitors are Delta, Alaska, United ContinentalRead MoreThe Virgin Atlantic Essay examples1701 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with their local men and women participation in airline service. According to Tucker (2010), in term of inter-continental business partnership, the flows and interchangeable of services, technological exchange, capital provision and international relation, the company will contribute its speciality and enhance the goodwill between the country. For example, the flight that Virgin Atlantic provides to Asian countries will contribute to the nation tourism aspects. Foreign tourist from theRead MoreAirlines For America ( A4a )1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfor America (A4A) that is known as Air Transport of Association ATA). This is one of America’s largest and oldest airline trade association, and was founded in 1936. The organization played a key role in all major government decisions regarding the aviation industry since its founding, including the creation of the civil Aeronautics Board, establishment of the air traffic control system and airline deregulation (Airlines for America). Airlines for America brings many businesses, a strong tourism industryRead MoreStrategic Management and Virgin Australia Essay5965 Words   |  24 Pagesdirection and objectives of Virgin Australia, including the vision, mission, strategic objectives and stakeholders of the company. The report moves on to explore strategic choices of Virgin Australia by identifying the key broad business level and international strategies of the company. From this analysis the report then provides a general perspective of the strategic implementation of Virgin by assessing evidence of mismatch between environmental turbulence and business strategy, transformational strategicRead Morecivil aviation23384 Words   |  94 PagesCONFIDENTIAL EXPERT REPORT Research Study of the Civil Aviation Sector in India SUBMITTED TO: The Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Govt. of India, India SUBMITTED BY: Nathan Economic Consulting India Pvt. Ltd., India www.nathaninc.com January 24, 2012 CONFIDENTIAL Table of contents 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Introduction ..........Read MoreEnvironmental Impacts of Tourism1563 Words   |  7 Pagesfertilizers and pesticides per year.† Solution The solution really is to cut down on transport use in everyday life - cycle, walk or take the bus instead of driving. Try to limit international travel to when it is absolutely necessary (use teleconferencing), and catch the train rather than fly. Ultimately, aviation fuel should be taxed to reflect the damage it does to the environment and then plane flights will become more expensive so that people will only take them when necessary. We all need to get involvedRead MoreE Commerce at Yunnan Lucky Air1685 Words   |  7 Pagesteam of Lucky Air. An ill-devised or poorly implemented marketing plan would not only hinder the company’s growth, it would also result in the loss of the edge they have over the other companies. The four cost components of the airline industry – fuel, landing fees, aircraft leasing and taxes - has made operating Lucky Air in a productive manner a constant challenge. Even though the company has a high competitive advantage being linked to Hainan Airlines, it still needed to upgrade its businessRead MoreAnalysis of Bulgaria Air and the Eastern-European Airline Industry4335 Words   |  18 Pages International Strategic Management 1. Legislation and regulatory rules in the industry Bilateral air service agreements remain the primary vehicles for liberalizing international air transport services. In the past 15 years more than 157 â€Å"open skies† agreements have been concluded between 96 states, the US being one of the states in 82 of the cases. Along with the continuing liberalization of air transport regulation, the protection and improvement of airline passengerRead MoreImpact of Oil Prices and Other Macro Economic Variables on GDP3778 Words   |  16 Pagessupply shocks etc., day by day prices are increasing and causing demand pull as well as cost push inflation. In a country like Pakistan international price hike not only causes imported cost push inflation but also demand pull inflation. Actually Compressed Natural Gas CNG and Liquified Petrolium Gas LPG are very poor susbtitutes of petrol. So as international price increases, this leads to lacal inflation in the economy, leading to fall in the foreign exchange reserves as foreign currency becomes

Qweasss Free Essays

We can put too much weight on anecdotal information and data picked up by chance, which is easily retrieved from memory. B. We may disregard information that does not fit our preconceptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Qweasss or any similar topic only for you Order Now We may attribute a result to a cause when in fact it may be a random effect. Question 2 For a manager who finds their decision making process, which has already consumed considerable time and energy, going wrong, the best advice is: Selected Answer: Stop, discard the current method, and begin again using a new method. Question 3 Which of the following are TRUE statements about quasi-rationality? The perception of cues may be more or less analytical or intuitive depending on the nature of the task for Judgment and its complexity. According to Brother’s study (1986), the quasi-rationality of perception means that the same Judge often finds it difficult to explain the process to others and to reproduce the same Judgment consistently. Influences on quasi-rational Judgment are, framing effects, overconfidence, irrelevant learning, cognitive dissonance, sunk costs, stress, influence from others and personality. Question 4 Which of the following factors are most likely to bias an individual’s selection of cues? Data availability. Personal preferences. Personal values. Question 5 Which of the following statements are False? The utility of money is independent of differing farming effects or continuum contexts. D. Managers tend to operate in analytical thinking mode at the extreme of the defined under quasi-rationality. Perception of cues is singular in nature, and each cue is processed independently. Question 6 Experienced managers are not necessarily likely to make better Judgments in an unfamiliar than new managers. True Question 7 Which of the following statements is least true? As a person’s experience as a manager increases, their Judgment in both familiar and unfamiliar situations significantly improves. Question 8 Rationality is only a question of whether a choice is in line with a person’s beliefs and preferences and not a question of what sort of preferences and beliefs that person holds. False Question 9 Which two of the following personality characteristics are NOT likely to contribute to making good decisions? External locus of control. How to cite Qweasss, Papers

Telecommunication System Engineering and Network

Question: Discuss about the Telecommunication System Engineering and Network. Answer: Introduction The telecommunication network consists of the terminal nodes for linking and establishing telecommunication channel between the start and end terminals (Willars 2012). It would help in forming a network of operations for Youis new headquarter. The telecommunication is useful for forming the collaboration and customer service strategies for handling the communication service. Equipment lists for LAN implementation Equipment name Specification Network adapter Helps in connecting the system with the network Network medium Cables are used for connecting the network system Cable Connector RJ45 port is used for connecting the cables Power supply Current is used for generating the radio waves Network Hub or Router or Switch Hub acts as splitter for connecting one computer to other computers Switch is sophisticated and lighter version of hub Routers are very complicated and can forward all the messages in the network Network software Package for enabling the use of network system with the computer Table1: Components of LAN network Network Infrastructure of Youis new headquarter The network convergence can be defined as the switching and cabling of the infrastructure for reducing the cost and forming simple management (Freeman 2015). Various communication types, interface buses, and file system exists for connecting the host for storage of devices and forming the storage and communication network. The solutions for network convergence and unified solutions are: Enhanced transmission and selection for classifying the traffic types and lossless services for the operations of the headquarters. Forming priority based flow for controlling the amount of the unified communication traffic that can be allowed for the considered network. It would help in satisfying the customers of the organization (Freeman 2015). Initiating congestion notification that would control the triggering in the network for flow of unified communications and collaboration between the headquarters and global offices of Youi. Creating the data centre bridging which is an exchange protocol for the network designed for increasing the efficiency of operations of the headquarters (Willars 2012). LAN types and cabling plan for integrating the business operations There are three types of LAN available for the implementation of the network designs and they are CAN, MAN, and WAN (Partanen Chetty and Rajala 2014). The CAN network is a model of LAN network where many buildings are connected on a single network. The interconnections are provided either by the internal resources or by service provider. The MAN network is used for a whole city. However it is not possible for owning the entire infrastructure of the network connection. WAN stands for wide area network and it use facilities like frame relay and switched circuits. It can be considered for creating LAN at multiple locations. Figure 1: Types of network (Source: Partanen Chetty and Rajala 2014, pp.1669) There are three types of cables that can be used for cabling the LAN network connection Coaxial cable, unshielded twisted pair and fiber optics. These cables are used in different fields of connections like voice connection using telephone, Ethernet, token ring, and fast internet (Rogasch and Fitzgerald 2013). The plan for cable connection includes: 100Mbps data capacity for faster data processing in the operations of the business and headquarters Up to 90 meters of run for forming an integrated network at the new headquarter of Youi PVC or plenum for structuring the ideal solid core cable Stranded cable for ideal patched cable network Network terminated with RJ-45 connectors WAN connection for collaborating the headquarters and global branches There are number of ways by which the WAN can be connected for Youis new headquarter (Rogasch and Fitzgerald 2013). They are classified as below: Dynamic: Dynamic is the most common type of connection and it is established when cable connection is used for connection of network. Static: Static IP address can be used for using WAN network when the IP address provided by the Internet service provider would always be constant. PPPoE: It is used when a DSL modem is used or ISP only provides a user name and password for connection. Others: PPTP, L2TP, multi PPPoE are some other types of WAN connection provided according to the network provider and area of WAN connection. Transmission media and connecting devices for the business operations Transmission media can be defined as the means by which the data is transferred from one point to another (Roka 2012). There are two types of transmission media that can be used for network connection at Youis new headquarter and they are Bounded or Guided media and Unbounded or Unguided media. The Bounded media can be defined as the connection established by the physical links. It is also termed as guide media and the bounded media is made from the external conductor and bounded by the jacket material. There are three types of bounded media Coaxial cable, fiber optics cable and twisted pairs cable (Yang Zhou and Cao 2013). Twisted pair cable: The cable of twisted pair is used commonly and it is low in cost than other cables. It can be easily installed and many types of network can use it for their implementations. The frequency ranges from 0-3.5 kHz and the typical attenuation of the cable is 0.2dB/km. Coaxial cable: It is a copper cable that is predominantly used in most of the TV connections. It consists of a physical channel for carrying the signal and one more concentric channel and both of them run on single axis. Fiber optics cable: It consists of a bundle of glass threads that are sufficient for transmission of messages by modulating it into light waves. It has larger bandwidth than metal cables. The unbounded transmission media helps in sending the data through water or media. Radio transmission and microwave transmission are examples of unbounded media for transmission. Radio: The range of radio transmission is between 10 kHz to 1 GHz and with high attenuation. The types of propagation in radio transmission are troposphere and ionosphere. It is used in multicast communication process. Microwave: it has higher frequency range than the radio frequency and operates in a system with low GHz range. The sender must be within the range of receiver and it is of two types terrestrial and satellite. Uni-cast type of communication process is carried out by microwave transmission. IP and DNS management IP address management is a mean for planning, managing and tracking the IP address in the used network (Thaler et al. 2012). IPAM has integrated DHCP and DNS for making sure that the changes are aware for each other. DNS management controls the server cluster and it is typically deployed for physical multiple servers (Nadji et al. 2016). The DNS management is done for reducing the human error and validating the DNS data for automation of distribution data. Figure 2: IP management (Source: Thaler et al. 2012) Network Services for Youis new headquarter LAN: It can be used for connecting the computer hardware within the headquarters of Youi. The wired connection would be helpful for easing the communication and operations at the new headquarter of Youi. WAN: WAN provides the latency of wider area coverage for the business operations of the new headquarter of Youi (Mazalan et al. 2013). The new headquarter of Youi would be connected on a single network and it would ease the operations by increasing the pace of activities. WLAN: WLAN is helpful in decreasing the cost of the equipments for cable set up of the connections at the new headquarters. The wide collaboration of headquarter and global branch offices can communicate with each other using the WLAN connection. SAN: Satellite area network can be helpful in gaining the satellite communication for improving the communication process at the new headquarters of Youi. It would improve the efficiency of operations at the new headquarter. PAN: Personal area network can be used for forming a network connection for the stakeholders and investors of Youis new headquarter (Lazzeroni et al. 2016). It would consist of the information for the major operations and processing. VPN: Virtual private network helps in forming a remote access to the ISP and secured tunnel to the office network of the new headquarter of Youi. Implementation and use of network services in new headquarter of Youi LAN: LAN can be implemented in Youis new headquarters by following some steps. At first the capacity and network ports of the business centre have to be realized and the design should be planned and the cables must be laid out (Partanen Chetty and Rajala 2014). After that the network layout must be realized with the physical and logical systems and the routing protocols must be used for implementing the network connections. LAN is used for forming the centralized backups for the operations and Youis new headquarter can use it for the transfer of data from old headquarter to the new headquarter. WLAN: The wireless network can be implemented by using the wireless routers and remote accessible access points at the headquarters (Mazalan et al. 2013). It would be helpful for the organization in forming a wireless connection between headquarter and the branch offices of Youi. The remote access would increase the accessing of the information between the two endpoints of the network. Figure 3: WLAN network protocol (Source: Mazalan et al. 2013, pp- 625) PAN: Personal area network would be implemented by requesting a static IP address from the internet service provider (Lazzeroni et al. 2016). The IP address would be unique and its security protocols are maximized. The new headquarter of Youi can use the PAN for forming a secured network for transferring the data without the chances of being intercepted. Data Processing Facilities for Youis new headquarter The data storage solutions that can be used at Youis new headquarter for data storage and management are: Hadoop: Hadoop is the most renowned data storage system for managing huge amount of data for business processs (Kripalani 2015). Hadoop provides massive amount of data management and storage. Hadoop would help in scaling the big data storage with respect to the requirements of the Youis new head-quarter. Hadoop has cost effectiveness and flexibility of operations. It would easily be applied and improve the effectiveness of operations of Youis new headquarter. Hadoop is fast and resilient for dealing with failures. Cloudera: It is a crucial brand with open source elements for the data solution of Youis new headquarter. Cloudera would provide the following functionality to Youis new headquarter: Understanding the concepts of distributed data management Learning big data applications, concepts and legacy architectures Knowing the logic topology and components of the system Getting deep insights on the Big Data Analytics It would also help in assisting in real time projects of the organizations Data mining: It is a process for discovering the insights of the database for extracting the web pages in forms of databases. Data mining at Youis new headquarter would also help in providing the discovery of knowledge based information system. Some other benefits of the Data mining for Youis new headquarter aredesribed below: Data mining is helpful for improving the strategies for the marketing and retailing of the products and services of the companies. It would help in distinguishing the products most used by the customers. It would also help in dealing with the issues of the financial matters and banking transactions. The Youis new headquarter would get the benefit of ease of management of financial and banking data management by the use of Data mining. Backup and DR: it is software that is used for data management from traditional operations to task specific activities (Kripalani 2015). The new headquarter of Youi can implement backup and DR software for keeping the data protected and secured. There are times when the data stored in the system database would get accidentally deleted or erased. The backup and Disater recovery would help in restoring the data lost. Some best data recovery utilities are Virtual Lab, Scavenger file recovery, Stellar Phoenix recovery, and Mini tool power. SAN: The storage area network or SAN is dedicated for providing Youis new headquarter with high speed networks that work on same protocols. It arranges the common users of the network and allows the system with storage device functionality. The SAN consists of cabling, host bus adapters, and switches and each switch and the storage system would be connected on single interconnections for supporting the bandwidths of the network. Data processing models The data processing models can be classifies into six types such as batch processing, online processing, real time processing, multiprocessing, multiprogramming, and time sharing (Tang and Zhang 2013). Batch processing helps in processing a large volume of the data for the operations of Youis new headquarter. Online processing would help in forming the direct access to the processing of any work at the same time of it recipients. Real time processing would be helpful in allowing the computer with the data for utilization in the system. Multiprocessing helps in processing number of data and operations at the same time. Conclusion It can be concluded from the report that Youis new headquarter can implement LAN network designing in their operations. Youi can use facilities of LAN for faster data processing and forming integrated network at their new headquarter. The data storage system Hadoop can be used for managing and storing huge amount of data for their business operations and processes. References Freeman, R.L., 2015.Telecommunication system engineering(Vol. 82). John Wiley Sons. Kripalani, S.H., Commvault Systems, Inc., 2015.Automatic identification of storage requirements, such as for use in selling data storage management solutions. U.S. Patent 9,021,452. Lazzeroni, J.J., Carevich, M.K., Vertz, J.D., Hauser, P.E.H. and Kingston, S.J., 2016.Simultaneous voice and audio traffic between two devices on a wireless personal-area network. U.S. Patent 9,398,620. Mazalan, L., Hamdan, S.S.S., Masudi, N., Hashim, H., Rahman, R.A., Tahir, N.M., Zaini, N.M., Rosli, R. and Omar, H.A., 2013, November. Throughput analysis of LAN and WAN network based on socket buffer length using JPerf. InControl System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), 2013 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 621-625). IEEE. Nadji, Y., Dagon, D., Antonakakis, M. and Joffe, R., 2016, September. Enabling Network Security Through Active DNS Datasets. InResearch in Attacks, Intrusions, and Defenses: 19th International Symposium, RAID 2016, Paris, France, September 19-21, 2016, Proceedings(Vol. 9854, p. 188). Springer. Partanen, J., Chetty, S.K. and Rajala, A., 2014. Innovation types and network relationships.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(5), pp.1027-1055. Rogasch, N.C. and Fitzgerald, P.B., 2013. Assessing cortical network properties using TMSEEG.Human brain mapping,34(7), pp.1652-1669. Roka, R., 2012.Fixed transmission media. INTECH Open Access Publisher. Tang, Q.Y. and Zhang, C.X., 2013. Data Processing System (DPS) software with experimental design, statistical analysis and data mining developed for use in entomological research.Insect Science,20(2), pp.254-260. Thaler, D., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A. and Chown, T., 2012.Default address selection for internet protocol version 6 (IPv6)(No. RFC 6724). Willars, P., Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (Publ), 2012.Priority bearers in a mobile telecommunication network. U.S. Patent 8,300,575. Yang, X., Zhou, M. and Cao, J., 2013, April. Synchronization in array of coupled neural networks with unbounded distributed delay and limited transmission efficiency. InAbstract and Applied Analysis(Vol. 2013). Hindawi Publishing Corporation.

Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body

Summary and Hypothesis Negative aspects of factors that affect human body functions cause stress. Negative factors, or stressors, arise from abnormalities in the physiological functions of the body.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The physiological processes that keep the human body functioning properly may suffer interference from outside or within the body such that they are not in equilibrium (Goldstein Kopin, 2007). This is the biological perspective of stress. From a psychological perspective, stress is characterized by behavioral symptoms accompanied by a negative state of mind. A person experiencing psychological stress may withdraw from various participative aspects of life. In addition, a person experiencing stress will show physical changes, and physiological processes in the body might be affected. Psychological stress results to unwillingness of an individual to engage in social activities. Imbalance in the physiology of the body results to conditions such as hypertension, lack of sleep, and irregularity of sexual desire. Stress has many effects that are less evident in the first stages of its development (Goldstein Kopin, 2007). Psychological stress is scientifically associated with physiological processes in the cell and the balance of chemical activity in the body. For example, if an individual senses that a dangerous event is about to take place, he or she might react physically by running away or emotionally by getting psychologically prepared to fight back. Thus, psychological reaction involves physiological processes.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This proves that reaction to stress has both psychological and physiological aspects. While the anatomy and physical construction of the brain is well known, its operation and the precise mechanisms responsible for its proper functioning are poorly understood (Fleshner et al., 2011). This makes it necessary to study psychology through empirical examination and randomized trials. In this paper, stress is examined from both biological and psychological perspectives. Physiological factors that cause stress and the external factors that influence physiology of the human body are examined. Throughout an individual’s life, residual stress is always present. When an infant is born, mechanisms are usually in place so that the child reacts to stressors whenever they are present. Thus, stress is natural and cannot be eliminated. A situation where one does not experience stress at all is inconceivable. When there are no stressors at all, an individual will not feel pressured to react to any event even when the matter is of critical urgency. If a particular stressor affects a person repeatedly, the reaction of the in dividual to the stressor is often different on every occasion. The experience of the event in the past may either improve the ability of the individual to cope with stress or worsen it (Goldstein, Kopin, 2007). Stress is only considered harmful to an individual if it builds up beyond a certain level. However, stress is normally present in all human beings, and is a critical factor in fostering motivation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stress may be caused by a situation outside the body such as a traumatizing event, but may also be a result of an uncomfortable state of the body (Blackburn Munro, 2001). Conditions such as constant or repetitive pain, nausea, cold, extreme warmth and even pressure cause excessive stress. Various experiments have been used to investigate the nature of stress and the manner in which people react to it. Some of the approaches used to examine the concept of stress are based on biological evidence alone, while others are based on empirical analysis of the state of the human mind (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). The level of stress in an individual may be determined by the extent to which the physical equilibrium in the body has been disturbed. On the other hand, the behavior of the affected individual may be evaluated for a psychological analysis. Reactions such as anxiety determine presence of excessive stress (Kudielka WÃ ¼st, 2010). Introduction And Background Walter Cannon linked stress to the balance of chemical activity in the body in the early 1920s. This was the beginning of association of stress with the situations external to the body. Early psychobiologists such as Hans Selye supported this perspective. Later, scientists such as Lindemann found an association of stress with events that did not necessarily cause changes in the physiology of the body (Valentino Bocks taele, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In that essence, stress is a complex condition that can only be described by the symptoms and reactions exhibited by those who suffer from it. Major events in history such as the holocaust and the two world wars were influential in the study of stress. The psychological state of the former soldiers who fought in the wars and the survivors of the holocaust helped scientists to link traumatizing events to long-term effects of stress (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). These scientists used various models such as the concept of individual stress and that of family stress. The reactions of people to stress as a group and that of an individual were studied in reference to historical events such as the great depression of the1920s and 1930s. During the First World War, scientists approached stress from a physiological point of view. People exhibiting symptoms of stress were thought to be suffering from physiological disorders that hindered the brain from functioning properly (Blackburn Munro, 2001). While classical scientists associated stress with groups such as families and prison inmates, contemporary scientists associate stress with an individual. The scientists focus on the effects of stress on the human body and the state of mind. Research Discussion Stress is known to affect the health of an individual, depending on specific reactions to it. In that essence, scientists have experimented and studied the physiological reaction to mental stress by the body. In addition, the effects of stress on individual minds are studied. Stress is known to change the mental reaction patterns of an individual particularly if it persists for a long time. The reaction itself is the activity of chemicals released by specific parts of the body. There are various reaction patterns exhibited by different individuals who are experiencing situations that are known to cause stress. R.S. Lazarus and Albert were the first scientists to study stress from the perspective of the nature of react ion exhibited by an individual experiencing stress. They did this study by subjecting some people to stressful vision. Several individuals were required to watch graphic and bloody scenes of a film and report their feelings about the particular film to analysts. Some of the people who were involved in the experiment reacted by saying that the situations presented were not real and were created artificially (Blackburn Munro, 2001). Others expressed concern for the plight of the people who were undergoing painful experiences in the film. It was found that the kind of reaction and the intensity of the reaction of the individuals depended on the environment of the person. Experiences had critical influence on the manner in which people reacted to the film. However, experience did not mean that the people involved experienced less stress (Blackburn Munro, 2001) In fact, in some cases, experience reduced ability of the person to cope with stress. In the particular experiment, it became difficult to describe the cause of particular reactions. A stressful situation such as the films had many factors in its details that had the ability to cause stress. It became difficult to distinguish the details that a particular person focused on. Consequently, it was clear that stress depended on the reaction of the particular person to specific details and could not be generalized. Organization and Analysis The idea of looking at stress from the perspective of coping was adopted by modern psychologists. Two approaches to coping with stress are known. When there is presence of a factor that is causing stress, some people will choose to confront the issue and find a solution. These people see the situation as a barrier that must be overcome. On the other hand, a person experiencing a problem that causes stress may choose to change the perspective from which he or she views the situation. The situation then ceases to be an emotional issue to the particular individual. This approac h of coping with stress may be dangerous if it becomes an individual’s way of dealing with every difficult situation. Furthermore, people who consider this approach of dealing with stress pervasive call it mal-adaptive stress coping. Changing the perception about a stressful situation that might cause harm does not eliminate the possibility of the situation causing damage. Thus, the first approach of formulating a solution to the problem is the best way to manage factors that cause stress since the problem may eventually be solved. This approach is called the adaptive approach to stress coping. People have similar patterns of adopting coping methods in stressful situations. It is not possible for people to share identical stress causatives since their lives are different. One’s social status, expectations, hopes, and beliefs are some of the factors that determine a person’s perception of a situation. The perception determines the different people’s reacti on to stress. For example, a wealthy man might not consider college school fees for his daughter to be a stressful matter. On the other hand, a person earning little money may consider this a stressful problem. Since no two situations are precisely identical, it is difficult for reactions of different people to the same problem to be identical (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). If people of ideally similar capabilities are subjected to identical stressful situations, the reaction pattern in an effort to cope with the problem will be the same. The first step in the reaction is the attempt to find a solution to the problem. If the situation has a particular achievable solution, it is likely that the individual will try to solve the problem. On the other hand, if the situation has no apparent solution, the reaction becomes emotional, and the individual may adopt escapism as a way of dealing with the stress. Ideally, similar situations cause relatively identical reactions in people of simil ar capabilities. Stress such as that related to similar situations at work or at home among family members causes similar reaction patterns (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). Some of the physical changes that take place in a human being in an effort by the body to overcome stress include the release of hormones that cause vascular constriction and speed up cardiac action. Some other processes such as digestion and transmission of nervous signals may also stop so that physical feeling is not possible in some parts of the body. Depending on the individual, the rise of the level of resistance to stress occurs in varying patterns (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). People who often overreact to stressors raise the level of resistance to stressing factors, and are highly susceptible to diseases and disorders related to stress. When an individual’s mind has a memory of a stress-causing factor, stress may occur repetitively, eventually leading to development of a disease (Kudielka WÃ ¼st, 2010). However, it is evident that the possibility of developing disease even after undergoing stress varies from one individual to another. Diseases that might occur due to repetitive stress can be serious and permanent disorders due to overreaction of organs to the stressful situations. On the other hand, reaction to stress causes excessive consumption of energy and other resources. If the reaction to stress is prolonged, the immune system is suppressed due to diversion of energy. Pathogens may then flourish in this environment and cause disease. This occurs even with the mild situations that cause minimal but persistent stress (Kudielka WÃ ¼st, 2010). Conclusion From the above analysis, one can conclude that stress is a complex concept with varying definitions that depend on individual perception. However, it is evident that stress must always be there to prompt reaction to situations that must be attended to. In addition, stress can be either beneficial or harmful. Motivation and innovation are constructive aspects of reaction to stress. On the other hand, stress is capable of causing disorders and diseases to humans if it persists. When an individual is exposed to stress causing factors for a long time, the stress may become permanent. This may also occur if the stress-causing factor is of a significantly high magnitude such that it leaves an impression in the cognitive memory of the individual. Other situations cause stress that an individual may not have the capability to cope with. In these situations, one is not able to solve the causative problem or ignore it. Consequently, stress increases and persists culminating in chronic depression. Such stress may cause cardiovascular disease, mental disorder, and affect the general health of an individual negatively (Blackburn Munro, 2001). Another deduction is that reaction to stress is almost similar if all other factors are constant. This can only happen in ideal situations. Such situations are difficult to simulate, but scientists try to create their approximations for the purpose of experimentation. On the issue of coping with stress, the problem solving approach is more constructive since the stressor may finally be eliminated. On the other hand, in the second approach the stressor is ignored and is no longer perceived as a threat. Thus, the problem might continue to cause damage. However, this approach is suitable for countering stressors that are not harmful when they are ignored. References Blackburn, G., Munro, R. (2001). Chronic Pain, Chronic Stress and Depression: Coincidence or Consequence?. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 13(12), 1009-1023. Fleshner, M., Maier, S., Lyons, D. (2011). The neurobiology of the stress-resistant brain.. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 14(5), 498-502. Goldstein, D., Kopin, I. (2007). Evolution of concepts of stress.. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 10(2), 109-120. Kudielka, B., WÃ ¼st, S. (2010). Human models in acute and chronic stress: Assessing determinants of individual hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and reactivity. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 13(1), 1-14. Valentino, R., Bockstaele, E. V. (2008). Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583(2- 3), 194-203. This research paper on Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body was written and submitted by user Hepz1bah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ideas for Thank You Card Quotes

Ideas for Thank You Card Quotes Do you say thank you to your host after attending a party? Do you say thank you to friends who bring you lovely presents? Sometimes mere thanks may sound insincere. Express your heartfelt gratitude by sending thank you cards. Use these quotes to make your cards really special. Quotations of Gratitude Irving BerlinGot no checkbooks, got no banks.Still Id like to express my thanks.I got the sun in the mornin and the moon at night.AnonymousI would thank you from the bottom of my heart, but for you my heart has no bottom.Oscar WildeThe smallest act of kindness is worth more than the grandest intention.Ralph Waldo EmersonFor each new morning with its light,For rest and shelter of the night,For health and food, for love and friends,For everything Thy goodness sends.William ShakespeareI can no other answer make, but, thanks, and thanks.G K ChestertonYou say grace before meals. All right. But I say grace before the concert and the opera, and grace before the play and pantomime, and grace before I open a book, and grace before sketching, painting, swimming, fencing, boxing, walking, playing, dancing and grace before I dip the pen in the ink.James Russell LowellNot what we give,But what we share,For the gift without the giverIs bare.John Greenleaf WhittierNo longer forward nor behindI look in hope or fear;But, grateful, take the good I find,The best of now and here. Helen KellerI thank God for my handicaps for, through them, I have found myself: my work, and my God.Benjamin DisraeliI feel a very unusual sensation if it is not indigestion, I think it must be gratitude.George EllistonHow beautiful a day can beWhen kindness touches it!EE CummingsI thank you God I thank you God for this most amazing day, for the leaping greenly spirits of trees, and for the blue dream of sky and for everything which is natural, which is infinite, which is yes.OvidThanks are justly due for boons unbought.Henry Van DykeBe glad of life because it gives you the chance to love, and to work, and to play and to look up at the stars.

Punitive Damages Promotes Justice while Tort Reform Hurts Society Research Paper

Punitive Damages Promotes Justice while Tort Reform Hurts Society - Research Paper Example Exemplary or Punitive damages are financial damages given to a claimant in a personal civil action and evaluated against a defendant established to be responsible for deliberately infringing the rights of the plaintiff. However, many people confuse punitive damages with compensatory damages. The major difference is that the awarding of punitive damages can only occur after a judge has established that a defendant is accountable for a claimant’s injuries and has set a suitable compensatory award. Moreover, punitive damages are given to a claimant, and are evaluated against a defendant, not counting and excluding compensatory damages. In addition, the awarding of punitive damages can only be successful in occasions where the injury inflicted to the claimant was the anticipated and likely effect of the defendant’s actions.† Moreover, the awarding of punitive damages only occurs in cases where the actions of the defendant are of an adequately egregious nature. Another aspect of punitive damages is that in theory, many people view them as an amazing solution. The major aim of awarding punitive damages is prevent defendants and others from practicing similar behavior. However, large companies constantly pressurize policymakers to put a cap or restrict on punitive damage awards. This is because they deem that punitive damages incur heavy costs. Conversely, imposing limitations on punitive damages would reduce their effectiveness and deem their purpose insignificant. (Sayas, 2011). In addition, punitive damages are a community solution for a community wrong. In this regard, punitive damages are state-inflicted charges for disruptive behavior, safeguarding the public inflicting charges on producers for their deliberate, blatant unconcern to human safety (Pace, 1997). Moreover, punitive damages have a monetary effect that not only obtains the notice of the defendant for perverse behavior, but also to cause the whole business to concentrate on the harm caused and take remedial action (Boulton, 2004). Although there is an extensive reporting of cases relating to multi-million dollar punitive damage awards, the truth is that judges are not hurriedly awarding these damages. This implies that there is no extensive awarding of punitive damages though they are significant in the society. According to a research by an Institute for Civil Justice, punitive damages occur in below 4 percent of all judges decisions. The major reason for this is that there is no awarding of punitive damages except that the claimant clearly illustrates that the defendant meant to harm the claimant, or knew that claimant was likely to experience harm, but intentionally ignored that risk (Sayas, 2011). There are numerous forms of torts, but regarding tort reform, the two major areas of concentration are medical malpractice and products liability. Medical malpractice is a law section that holds medical experts responsible for damage caused by their behavior after they do not conform to sensible principles. On the other hand, products liability is the sec tion of law that normally holds firms accountable for releasing unreasonably risky products on the market (Boulton, 2004). In the 1980s, the tort reform movement started to build up a more lasting institutionalized method to advocate for reform. Not amazingly, there have been extensive arguments concerning the objectives

Answer the question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Answer the question - Assignment Example Lastly, depending on the time of the day, those students who will get interviewed quite possibly will have no classes; hence have the free time to walk around. The result of this particular study may get generalized in some populations, the first one being those that exhibit high levels of the eternal validity of the study (Fraenkel &Wallen , 2009). Secondly, the population should produce a sample nature as well as the environmental conditions that prove for generalization to get made. The particular sample of study must also represent the population of interest, the sample has to be relatively large so that the usefulness of the findings become unlimited. If these particular two communities meet the conditions for generalization, then the researcher can conclude by saying that playing soft classical music increases the ability of scholars in understanding arithmetic studies. At times, a researcher may feel not interested to generalize the result of a study, and this mostly happens when the particular samples used fails to show the external validity of the study. It may also occur in those samples used shows high levels of relevancy about the characteristics of the population under study. In some cases, the samples may fail to demonstrate some of the essential part of the population under study as well as the representation of the relevant variables. Finally, when the sample size is reasonably small or narrowly defined, the generalization from this particular study becomes limited. It is true, to some extent, that the larger a sample, the more justified a researcher is generalizing from it to a population. This can only be more valid if the researcher takes into account the issue of timing and proximity, among other factors depending on the given case study (Fraenkel &Wallen , 2009). The larger sample always tends to take into consideration on most of the essential and other relevant characteristics of the entire population,

Crime Theories of Durkheim and Robert King Merton Essay

Crime Theories of Durkheim and Robert King Merton - Essay Example Durkheim's most significant theoretical contribution to the field of criminology is his formulation of the concept of anomie. According to Durkheim's theory, society has the need and the moral right to regulate the behavior of its citizens. When society is in a state of rapid transition, the rules of society break down and people no longer can appraise their situation, "ambition was perpetually stimulated but never satisfied (Walter 1972). This condition Durkheim called "acute anomie" (Gottfredson and Hirsch 1990, p. 54). Chronic anomie occurs when overwhelming importance is attached to economic progress as the supreme goal in and of itself and secondary consideration is given to the regulation of human conduct and the control of individual ambition. These conditions which prevailed in the nineteenth century contributed significantly to the variety of social problems observed in that society (Durkheim 1992). According to Merton's theory, deviance is most likely in societies in which success is a major societal objective but where many of the inhabitants are unable to acquire the material possessions or social status that denote success. His theoretical argument is formulated in terms of the societally recognized goals that individuals strive for and the institutionalized means used to regulate access to these desired objectives (Gottfredson and Hirsch 1990). Merton recognizes that these goals and means are not equally available to all individuals because of the differentiated class and ethnic structure of American society. Striving for success within a society that is achievement oriented, some individuals for whom traditional paths to achievement are closed follow illegitimate or deviant means to attain success within that society Although this theory was originally developed in terms of American society, it has been applied to many of the world's other industrialized societies as an e xplanation of the persistence of criminal behavior (Merton 1967). The other similarity between Durkheim and Merton is an understanding social impact on an individual and his behavior. The possibility of varied acquaintances in modern, complex society led to the formulation of the theory of differential association, which holds that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others. The extent to which criminal norms and habits are acquired is determined by the intensity and duration of the association. The mechanisms for learning criminal behavior are no different from any other kinds of learning. Briefly, stealing is no more motivated by the desire for material goods than is honest employment. In the latter case, however, the individual is sufficiently committed to the society's norms and values to channel his desires through legitimate means while in the former case, the individual will pursue his goals by illegitimate methods (Gottfredson and Hirsch 1990). In contrast to Durkheim, Merton underlines that anomie theory addresses the impact of urban life on modern man suggesting that conflicts often arise in contemporary society because what man strives to attain is not accessible to him. This situation is characteristic solely of modern society because limited social mobility existed before the advent of

Human resources and Induction and Orientation

Human resources and Induction and Orientation Human resource management is the focal point of modern day organizations as they gear towards enhancing their competencies in a highly competitive environment. As such, organizations have had to contend with numerous challenges ranging from changing technology to the lack of adequately skilled workers. Strategies, which ensure that organizations perform at their very best are a high-end commodity and all professionals involved are hard at work in order to devise the most effective of them. As highlighted by Jackson and Mathis (2008:6), human capital is critical in enhancing an organizations core competency. Therefore, right from the initial stage of recruitment to full assimilation into the workplace, human resource departments ensure that human capital is developed efficiently. Inductions and orientations have become significant in human resource development and a constant feature in most training programs. As the words suggest, such programs serve to acquaint the employee with thei r new working environments and ensure that they adjust amicably. This paper seeks to evaluate induction and orientation, understand these concepts concerning their meanings, purpose, benefits, roles played by employers and employees, and provide an illustration of such a program. It has been a tendency for most organizations to plan for such programs and later on fail to implement them. However, organizations can no longer do this, as they cannot afford to lose employees nor have inept workers. Definitions Orientation/ Induction Jackson and Mathis (2008) define orientation as a planned process whereby newly recruited employees are introduced and familiarized with their new workplace. This includes meeting their co-workers and being acquainted with other aspects of the organization. In addition, orientation may include such simple topics as the location of a particular department and such complex issues like career development. Stirzaker (2004) asserts that induction, as a planned process is capable of benefiting entire organizations and specific individuals. This is so because it allows new employees to acclimatize to their new jobs and become fully committed and productive employees at a fast pace. In addition, Carrell, Elbert, Hatfield and Grobler et al, (2002) stipulate that induction is an integration process, which allows new employees to become part of an organization through learning and understanding their environment and responsibilities. On the other hand, Meyer (1999) adds the aspects of organizat ional goals, values, policies, and protocols as part of the factors addressed during the induction process. More often than not, these two terms are used together with orientation being reflected as the initial introductory stage and induction as the ongoing process of familiarization after orientation. Moreover, a distinction arises in the fact that orientation takes place within a short period contrary to induction, which is systematic, and spans throughout the employees first years of employment. Objectives and Purposes of Orientation/Induction Employers engage in long processes of employee recruitment and selection in search of individuals who are competent in their areas of specialization. As they do so, employers contemplate how the new recruits will serve their organization and realize high performance levels. It is important to note that getting the best value out of an employees abilities starts at their first encounter with the potential employer. Ideally, at this initial stage the employer must set them up for success. In order to do so, employers must put into consideration numerous aspects of human resource management, which, eventually serve as the objectives of the orientation and induction process. Orientation and induction aims at enhancing comfort in new employees by reducing any anxieties or unresolved negative emotions. Compton and Nankervis (2009:184) indicate that induction programs need to consider the feelings experienced by employees during their initial days in the new workplace. Indeed, employees often exhibit tendencies of fear and reluctance to engage fully in their duties during their first days due to various issues. For instance, it is likely that a new employee will be unaware of where a particular department or is within the organization. They may fail to ask for directions because they are afraid or anxious about other employees perceptions of them. Consequently, there is a likelihood that they will waste time dwelling on their state of discomfort or trying to locate the department. Organizations can plan to have new employees oriented with various locations in order to ease their discomfort. Furthermore, employers aim at creating an impression by appealing t o the employees psyche while assuring them of their remarkable competencies and abilities. In addition, orientations and inductions can involve having individual sessions with the new employees and instilling in them the organizational spirit of cooperation. This objective spills over to enhancing employee satisfaction and thus reducing turnover rates, absenteeism, and other hindrances to higher productivity. Orientation and induction not only allows new employees to adjust to their new workplace but it also offers tentative information about their duties and responsibilities. Abernathy and Bell (2010:3) highlight that induction provides employees with knowledge on the organizations structure and on how they can utilize different available resources in enhancing their performance. In gaining this knowledge, employees are able to develop reasonable expectations on their new roles. New employees often have limited knowledge on the organization and the induction process ensures that any existing gaps are addressed and as Evans and Verlander (2006:4) explain, emphasis is put on ensuring that employees understand the organization and its operations accordingly. At the end of the orientation and induction, new employees are fully socialized and have understood and accepted the values and systems found within the organization. This implies that they are able to communicate effectively with the m anagement, develop a sense of belonging and contentment with their new jobs and to gain high enthusiasm for hard work. Essentially, orientation and induction serves an informative and motivational role in enhancing employee productivity. Lawson (2007:19) emphasizes that orientation and induction processes need to incorporate cognitive, affective, and behavioral forms of learning. Cognitive learning will instill information about the organization; affective learning promotes the development of positive employee attitudes while behavioral learning serves to accentuate the employees skills and abilities. Employer and Employee Obligations Orientation and induction programs involve the participation of both the employer and new employees. From the initial stage of adjustment, these two players serve different roles. Carrell, Elbert, Hatfield and Grobler et al, (2002) showcase that at the orientation phase human resource managers are obligated to meet the new employees and provide them with descriptions of their duties and responsibilities. They also provide details on the organizations chain of command and information on employees supervisors and expected protocol. While they do this, managers give room for employees to interact with their colleagues or team members. This interaction also allows them to learn the roles played by other employees within the organization. The employer also stipulates the organizations expectations of the new employee as well as the present conditions of work. This involves informing them of the organizations values, mission statement, and vision. Most importantly, they point out the signi ficance of employees aligning their individual objectives with those of the organization. In addition, they must ensure that they ease the new employees discomfort, peak their interests in the organization and work and provide any information regarding work. Furthermore, Bennet and Graham, (1990) indicate that human resource managers are also expected to acquaint the employees with the physical facilities within the organization by giving them a tour. Apart from these obligations, employers also need to inform new employees of any existing laws, regulations, and policies with respect to their jobs and conduct. Other issues that need to be addressed by employers include accommodation, transportation, and payment procedures among others. New employees must be acculturated from their very first day in the organization. Managers must ensure that the organizational culture is reflected in the orientation and induction in order to ensure that employees are a good fit for the organization. Benefits of Orientation/Induction On Employee According to Gibbs and Maxwell-Crawford (2003:4), research has indicated that well planned and implanted orientation and induction programs accrue major benefits. As the new employees are acquainted with their new roles, they are able to gain confidence in their new job. Enhanced familiarization allows for high productivity and peaked individual performance, as employees are able to work comfortably. This comfort reflects a lack of fear or anxiety and heightened positive attitudes towards work, colleagues, and managers. As employees gain knowledge on the organizations culture, they are able to assess their level of compatibility with the organization. Indeed, they manage to weigh the benefits of working for the organization with respect to such factors like career development. At this early stage, it is quite advantageous for an employee to acknowledge whether this organization will serve their needs. They establish whether there are training programs, promotion and other appraisal s trategies, which will foster their career development. If indeed an organization does not offer what they need, then they are able to cease progress and thus avoid future disappointments. Akdere and Schmidt (2007: 326), propose that orientation and induction programs are significant in nurturing employees views on leadership and vision. As they learn about the organizations goals, they understand the significance of these aspects. This allows them to develop working strategies, which aim at ensuring that the organizations vision is upheld. During orientation and induction, new employees are welcomed warmly and as the organization reinforces the employees significance, they develop a sense of worth and value. Consequently, they become more motivated and indeed decide to work there. Essentially as highlighted by Hamilton (2002), the new employees first impression of the employer plays a major role in their decisions to either progress with work or terminate their employment. On Employer Early turnover is a challenge, which plagues most modern organizations. Johnson and Westwood (2004:1) highlight that in the future, organizations will experience a scarcity of work force due to increased rates of employee turnover. It is at the orientation and induction stages that the risk of early turnover can be addressed. Indeed, studies have shown that beginning employees engaged in induction programs are less likely to terminate their current employment (Ingersoll and Smith, 2004). Orientation and induction fosters retention in numerous ways. First, when employees are provided with adequate knowledge on the organizations procedures and support systems, they are influenced by the ease with which they execute their daily duties. In addition, the socialization process, which occurs during such a program, promotes the development of individual and collective relationships amongst colleagues. This interaction builds a perception of team spirit and cordial working relationships, whic h eventually amount to high productivity and competent performance. These factors not only reduce early turnover, but they are also responsible for an earlier increase of employees productivity, commitment and work efficiency. Employers also avoid other negative effects, which often accompany early turnover. These costs include reduced revenue, and productivity, high recruitment costs, unfavorable publicity, and loss of competitive advantage. Orientation and induction programs serve as a platform for the employer to weigh an employees competence and behavior. Furthermore, as new employees are highly susceptible to taking on an organizations culture, employers are able to influence and observe the employees potential for assimilation into the company. Orientation is a stage for instilling value and laying an impeccable foundation for excellence, which will ensure that new employees utilize their abilities maximally. Sample of Orientation/Induction Program The orientation and induction program must be planned carefully in order to enhance its effectiveness. Prior to the beginning of the program, all necessary requirements should have been put in place for smooth implementation. This involves notifying current employees of the arrival of the new employees, setting up offices and relevant facilities among others. Complementary for Orientation Sample Orientation Checklist On their first day, new employees are expected to fill in forms stipulated in the processing-in checklist. Name of Employee: Department: Organization Policies and Procedure Company History Organization Chart Function of the Company Classification of Employees Insurance Benefits Life Insurance Workers Compensation Other Benefits Child Care Health Services Holidays Induction Kit The induction kit may comprise of participant materials and guides. Lawson (31) highlights the use of organization materials like policy guides and maps among others. Sample Orientation/Induction Program Time Activity 8:00- 9:00 a.m Processing-In 9:00- 10:00 a.m Welcome by Organization CEO 10:00- 11:00 a.m Meet with supervisor 11:00-11:30 a.m Tea 11:30-12:30 Tour of the premises and facilities 12:30: -1:00 p.m Introduction to team members and colleagues 1:00- 1:30 p.m Lunch 1:30- 2:30 p.m Providing mentors 2:30- 3:30 p.m Viewing the organizations documentary video 3:30- 4:30 p.m Questions and Answers Time Activity 8:00- 9:00 a.m Processing-In 9:00- 10:00 a.m Welcome by Organization CEO 10:00- 11:00 a.m Meet with supervisor 11:00-11:30 a.m Tea 11:30-12:30 Tour of the premises and facilities 12:30: -1:00 p.m Introduction to team members and colleagues 1:00- 1:30 p.m Lunch 1:30- 2:30 p.m Providing mentors 2:30- 3:30 p.m Viewing the organizations documentary video 3:30- 4:30 p.m Questions and AnswersSample Induction Course Time Course 8: 30 Organization Structure, Vision, Mission and Objectives 10: 30 Tea with Team members 11: 00 Ethical Regulations 12: 30 Lunch with Supervisor 13: 30 Conflict Resolution Procedures 14: 30 Group Interaction 16: 00 Discussion and Review

George Rogers Clark Essay -- American History Revolutionary War Essays

George Rogers Clark Who was George Rogers Clark? This is probably a question most people in America couldn't answer. The reason is very simple, George Rogers Clark was a hero in an age of heroism. He simply could not compare with the legends of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and other Revolutionary War heroes. Clark nevertheless is very important, especially to the people of Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana who became apart of the United States of America because of his great leadership and bravery in military campaigns at Kaskaskia, Illinois and Vincennes, Indiana during the Revolutionary War. George Rogers Clark was born in Albermale County, Virginia on November 19, 1752 to John and Ann Rogers Clark. The Clark family consisted of six boys and four girls living on a four hundred acre plantation. George Rogers Clark was not even the most famous person in his family, his younger brother William later came to fame with his good friend Merriwether Lewis for exploring Thomas Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase. The Clark family was very well to do and influential, which enabled them to send young George to very good school, and have him tutored by some of the great minds in the region, like George Mason. George Rogers Clark had three friendships as a child that forever changed and shaped his future as a leader and revolutionary war hero. Thomas Jefferson's father owned a nearby plantation, though there was a nine year age difference between Thomas Jefferson and George Rogers Clark, the two enjoyed a life long friendship. He was also a classmate of James Madison, who would later be a strong supporter of George Rogers Clark and his military campaigns. Last, George Mason, a future Revolutionary war statesman and me... ...ow a great man the respect he deserved. When we learn about Revolutionary war history in school we learn about George Washington, Patrick Henry, and even Nathan Hale. But never is a word spoken about the accomplishments of George Rogers Clark and his small band of soldiers who assisted to the victory in east with their victories at Kaskaskia and Vincennes. Their has not been a serious work written on George Rogers Clark in nearly fifty year, and in schooling he is completely neglected. All of this is wrong, Clark was very important to the Revolutionary War victory and even more vital to opening the gateway to the west. For this reason his legacy and story should not die but instead be passed down to future generations along with the legends of Washington, Henry, Jefferson and all other Revolutionary War hero's without whom we may not be where we are today.

Customer Relationship Marketing Essay

To understand CRM (Customer Relationship Marketing) in hotel industry (Millennium Seoul Hilton), and focus on the importance of loyalty guests who bring on most of organization profit by developing of guest recognition and rewards program. Introduction Background The growing realization that keeping the customers you have is as important as customer acquisition, has come about because of the cost involved in attracting new customers. This realization has evolved into understanding a customers lifetime values (F Buttle, 1996).   By doing this, you can be selective about who you try to keep as well as who you want to attract. Some scholars maintain that customer retention affects the bottom line. They further suggest that a 5% increase in customer retention would create a 125% increase in profit (F Buttle, 1996). Customer relationship management can be regarded as the art of employing rhetorical, experimental and personal information in order to personalize customers’ stay while creating incremental revenue opportunities (F Buttle, 1996). So for example, knowing that a customer had a less than memorable experience in the hotel provides the hotel manager with a chance to win them back the next time they are in town. Objectives By use of customer relationship management, the hotel can develop a comprehensive guest profiles for reservation information. This demonstrates to guests that the hotel is in touch with their needs.   It can also drive customer-centric data down to the transaction level, thereby allowing the workers and the guest-facing technology to deliver greater value to the customers (F Buttle, 1996).   Further, customer relationship management can create a realistic profile on the spending and stay patterns of the guests, thereby allowing the hotel to formulate guest-centric marketing for increased loyalty and spending (F Buttle, 1996). The idea of ‘cherry picking’ valuable clients and directing more resources to these clients has gained tremendous significance in the hotel industry.   Clients communication are such that account managers regularly network on the clients to ensure that they are happy in the way contracts are proceeding, and close relationship are build up. Therefore, my research objective is â€Å"to understand the significance of customer relationship marketing† in hotel industry, with criteria as follows: †¢ To examine customer relationship marketing. †¢ To evaluate the importance of loyalty guests who brings on most of organization profits. †¢ To illustrate the importance of developing of a guest recognition and reward programs in hotel industry. Aims This research paper will aim to identify and critically review the theories of customer relationship marketing in a hotel industry.   It will also aim to critically evaluate procedures of customer communication instruments used in the Millennium Seoul Hilton.   The paper will further examine the limitation of communication of customers’ relation tools used as well as providing the recommendation and acknowledging the advantages of employing these customer relationship marketing tools. Literature Review The main idea behind relationship marketing is to build a strong relationship with customers in order to retain them instead of concentrating efforts on recruiting new one.   There are various factors which influence customer retention.   They include high quality products in order to encourage repeat purchase and valuing customer’s needs with loyalty, which can be generated by excellent customer service (F Buttle, 1996).   Moreover, taking long-term marketing decisions for instance, continuous improvement or innovation to keep ahead of customer’s needs is important in retaining customers.   Further, frequent customers contact to establish their profiles in order to ensure accurate customer targeting of goods, services and information, can be of a great help in creating customer loyalty (F Buttle, 1996). For this dissertation, the main areas which need to be focused on are marketing process, situation analysis, marketing strategy, marketing mix decision, and implementation and control, whereby the works of many authors in these fields will be explored. Studies and researches which has been done by these authors brings great literature resources to the   importance of relationship marketing focus on customer, which constitutes customer relationship marketing, customer trust and commitment, customer loyalty as well as guest loyalty program approaches and general frame work for developing and managing a good customer base.   For example, there are literature studies and/or research made on hotels Intercontinental, Meritus Mandarin, Holiday Inn, and Norfolk hotel among others which allows this dissertation to represent the model group. This dissertation will be explored on the themes of the importance of customer relationship management as it affects customer loyalty by developing of guest recognition and rewards program.   Another important theme which will be investigated in the dissertation is how a hotel can utilize relationship marketing to retain its customers.   These main themes will be explored by use of works written by scholars and all that in the field of customer service and customer care. Methodology My dissertation will apply both qualitative and quantitative research methods.   A comprehensive literature review and depth interviews will be carried out as part of my quantitative research. For primary research, depth interview is selected for my study, as it focuses on hotel industry where emphasize should be placed on people’s values and attitudes.   Therefore, it is a good way to explore the importance of customer relationship management, and understanding the process of implementing strategies to build a strong customer base in a hotel industry. This would also bring more intensive understanding to my research, and the required respondent(s) should be specialists in customer relationship marketing in hotel industries.     Moreover, surveys/questionnaires will also be carried out to understand the significance of customer relationship marketing in creating a strong customer base, according to different people from different background in today’s world. A case study of Millennium Seoul Hilton will be researched. This is because it is a well known hotel by many travelers, and therefore will provide travelers and business customers for me to obtain different perception according to different backgrounds, age and gender. Moreover, the staff of the Millennium Seoul Hilton will also be part of sample population   There will be four age groups that is 17–26, 27– 6, 39-46, and 47-56 with a total of 200 respondents. Secondary research data will be collected through different established resources, such as textbooks, journals, articles and internet in the way of literature review. This is because secondary research will validate my dissertation and support to justify my reasons and findings. Secondary data will be used first to conduct the research, before conducting primary research. This will be done because secondary data may contain information that is essential for conducting this research. Secondary research can allow collection of general information such as overview of Renaissance Seoul hotel, service to guests, guest room department, GRO for receiving VIPs, Marriot Rewards, Westin Chosun Hotel, and outlook of Intercontinental Hotel among others, which can be difficult and expensive to gather via primary research. Limitations The main practical difficult in this research will be the challenge to find the right person for depth interview.   In order to fulfill research objectives, the responder must be an individual who is a specialist in customer relationship marketing, specifically in the hospitality industry. This is because such individuals are familiar with the strategies, challenges and solutions which can help me go through my dissertation. However, such individuals have a higher reputation and usually have tight schedule and would be also be hard to each. Further, I am not familiar with specialists who are in the field of customer relationship management.   Another challenge is choosing Millennium Seoul Hilton as a place to conduct surveying and questionnaires.   This is because 200 sample is required to validate my research, and would be a great challenge to accomplish this myself due to concern of time, organizing and conducting this survey.   Moreover, it is also difficult to ask for help in conducting this research because the possibility in which I am able to hire few people to assist me will be costly. Additionally, individual who are asked may not be willing to respond according to the question asked, cooperates and/or even participate in this study.   Confidentiality issues for the respondents participating in the survey/questionnaire would be kept as anonymous due to Data Protection Act.   This is not required in this study. There are no specific ethical issues which need to be considered.   This is due to the fact that the survey/questionnaire is not targeting any groups and/or specific persons. Finding and Analysis The data which should be collected through survey/questionnaire for this research will be analysed and coded in SPSS system.   This is comprehensive statistical software that includes capabilities for data analysis, data management and programming (Malhotra N & Birks D, 2005).   Additionally, it enables analysists and researchers to uncover key facts, patterns and trends.   The interview would be assessed using analysis of verbal data, dividing the whole interview into section of main focused area along the answer from the respondents. The information collected through surveys/questionnaire will be used for descriptive purposes of identifying the relationship between customer relationship marketing and retention of customers according to age, gender and occupation, whereby correlation analysis and descriptive statistics would be utilized (Malhotra N & Birks D, 2005). Descriptive statistics is used to describe and summarize the basic features of data collection using a combination of techniques, such as graphical, tabular and summary (Malhotra N & Birks D, 2005).   In the findings of analyzed data through different analysis techniques, I would support my development of the dissertation.

Quotes From Beloved by Toni Morrison

Quotes From Beloved by Toni Morrison Editors Note: Toni Morrison passed away on August 5, 2019. Weve gathered highlights from one of her most celebrated novels to help you honor her work. Beloved is a novel by Toni Morrison, who uses flashbacks and other devices to draw us through the tragic series of events in Sethes life. A moment of insanity shaped the rest of her existence. She and those around her would never be the same. Here are a few quotes from this dark novel, Beloved. Notable Quotes from Toni Morrisons Beloved 124 was spiteful. Full of a babys venom.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 1My first-born. All I can remember of her is how she loved the burned bottom of bread. Can you beat that? Eight children and thats all I remember.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 1a pool of red and undulating light that locked him where he stood.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 1If a Negro got legs he ought to use them. Sit down too long, somebody will figure out a way to tie them up.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 1I got a tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the daughter I am holding in my arms. No more runningfrom nothing. I will never run from another thing on this earth. I took one journey and I paid for the ticket, but let me tell you something, Paul D Garner: it cost too much! Do you hear me? It cost too much.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 1the house itself was pitching.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 1A man aint nothing but a man. But a son? Well, now, thats somebody- Toni Morrison, Belo ved, Ch. 2 The picture is still there and whats more, if you go thereyou who never was thereif you go there and stand in the place where it was, it will happen again; it will be there for you, waiting for you. So, Denver, you cant never go there. Never. Because even though its all overover and done withits going to always be there waiting for you.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 3Would it be all right? Would it be all right to go ahead and feel? Go ahead and count on something?- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 3To Sethe, the future was a matter of keeping the past at bay. The better life she believed she and Denver were living was simply not that other one.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 3Denver hated the stories her mother told that did not concern herself, which is why Amy was all she ever asked about. The rest was a gleaming, powerful world made more so by Denvers absence from it. Not being in it, she hated it and wanted Beloved to hate it too, although there was no chance of that at all.- Toni Morri son, Beloved, Ch. 6 Why was there nothing it refused? No misery, no regret, no hateful picture too rotten to accept? Like a greedy child it snatched up everything. Just once, could it say, No thank you? I just ate and cant hold another bite?- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 7I dont want to know or have to remember that. I have other things to do: worry, for example, about tomorrow, about Denver, about Beloved, about age and sickness not to speak of love. But her brain was not interested in the future. Loaded with the past and hungry for more, it left her no room to imagine, let alone plan for, the next day.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 7Come on, you may as well just come on.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 8Those white things have taken all I had or dreamed, she said, and broke my heartstrings too. There is no bad luck in the world but whitefolks.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 9Bit by bit, at 124 and in the Clearing, along with others, she had claimed herself. Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 9 She had been so close, then closer. And it was so much better than the anger that ruled when Sethe did or thought anything that excluded herself. She could bear the hoursnine or ten of them each day but onewhen Sethe was gone. Bear even the nights when she was close but out of sight, behind walls and doors lying next to him. But noweven the daylight time that Beloved had counted on, disciplined herself to be content with, was being reduced, divided by Sethes willingness to pay attention to other things. Him mostly.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 9Making them think the next sunrise would be worth it; that another stroke of time would do it at last.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 10Only when she was dead would they be safe. The successful onesthe ones who had been there enough years to have maimed, mutilated, maybe even buried herkept watch over the others who were still in her cock-teasing hug, caring and looking forward, remembering and looking back.- Toni Morrison, Beloved, Ch. 10 Study Guide Questions for Study and Discussion This is worse than when Paul D came to 124 and she cried helplessly into the stove. This is worse. Then it was for herself. Now she is crying because she has no self.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 12She doesnt move to open the door because there is no world out there. She decides to stay in the cold house and let the dark swallow her like the minnows of light above. She wont put up with another leaving, another trick. Waking up to find one brother then another not at the bottom of the bed, his foot jabbing her spine. Sitting at the table eating turnips and saving the liquor for her grandmother to drink; her mothers hand on the keeping-room door and her voice saying, Baby Suggs is gone, Denver. And when she got around to worrying about what would be the case if Sethe died or Paul D took her away, a dream-come-true comes true just to leave her on a pile of newspaper in the dark.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 12If her boys came back one day, and Denver and Beloved stayed onwell, it would be the way it was supposed to be, no? Right after she saw the shadows holding hands at the side of the road hadnt the picture altered? And the minute she saw the dress and shoes sitting in the front yard, she broke water. Didnt even have to see the face burning in the sunlight. She had been dreaming it for years.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 13 It made them furious. They swallowed baking soda, the morning after, to calm the stomach violence caused by the bounty, the reckless generosity on display at 124. Whispered to each other in the yards about fat rats, doom and uncalled-for pride.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 15I would have known right away who you was when the sun blotted out your face the way it did when I took you to the grape arbor. I would have known at once when my water broke. And when I did see your face it had more than a hint of what you would look like after all these years. I would have known who you were right away because the cup after cup of water you drank proved and connected to the fact that you dribbled clear spit on my face the day I got to 124. I would have known right off, but Paul D distracted me. Otherwise I would have seen my fingernail prints right there on your forehead for all the world to see. From when I held your head up, out in the shed. And later on, when you asked me about the earrin gs I used to dangle for you to play with, I would have recognized you right off, except for Paul D.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 20 All the time, Im afraid the thing that happened that made it all right for my mother to kill my sister could happen again. I dont know what it is, I dont know who it is, but maybe there is something else terrible enough to make her do it again. I need to know what that thing might be, but I dont want to. Whatever it is, it comes from outside this house, outside the yard, and it can come right on in the yard if it wants to. So I never leave this house and I watch over the yard, so it cant happen again and my mother wont have to kill me too.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 21I am Beloved and she is mine. I see her take flowers away from leaves she puts them in a round basket the leaves are not for her she fills the basket she opens the grass I would help her but the clouds are in the way how can I say things that are pictures I am not separate from her there is no place where I stop her face is my own and I want to be there in the place where her face is and to be looking at it too a h ot thing.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 22 I see the dark face that is going to smile at me it is my dark face that is going to smile at me the iron circle is around our neck she does not have sharp earrings in her ears or a round basket she goes in the water with my face.-  Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 22I am not dead I sit the sun closes my eyes when I open them I see the face I lost Sethes is the face that left me Sethe sees me see her and I see the smile her smiling face is the place for me it is the face I lost she is my face smiling at me doing it at last a hot thing now we can join.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 22Quote 27: Seven-O! Seven-O!- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 24Dirty you so bad you couldnt like yourself anymore. And though she and others lived through and got over it, she could never let it happen to her own. The best things she was, was her children. Whites might dirty her all right, but not her best thing, her beautiful, magical best thing the part of her that was clean.- Toni Morrison,  Belove d, Ch. 26 You your best thing, Sethe. You are.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 27Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking for her, and even if they were, how can they call her if they dont know her name? Although she has claim, she is not claimed.- Toni Morrison,  Beloved, Ch. 28

Goal of Human Genome Project Essay Example

Goal of Human Genome Project Essay Example Goal of Human Genome Project Essay Goal of Human Genome Project Essay MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BBT 3206 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT NAME:PRABAKARAN SIVANANTHAN NRIC:881009-07-5703 880831-08-7097 What is a genome? A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each Genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome more than 3 billion DNA base pairs is contained in all cells that have a nucleus. What was the Human Genome Project and why has it been important? The Human Genome Project was an international research effort to determine the sequence of the human genome and identify the genes that it contains. The Project was coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the U. S. Department of Energy. Additional contributors included universities across the United States and international partners in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China. The Human Genome Project formally began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, 2 years ahead of its original schedule. The work of the Human Genome Project has allowed researchers to begin to understand the blueprint for building a person. : As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a major impact in the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and the life sciences. What were the goals of the Human Genome Project? The main goals of the Human Genome Project were to provide a complete and accurate sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes. The Project also aimed to sequence the genomes of several other organisms that are important to medical research, such as the mouse and the fruit fly. In addition to sequencing DNA, the Human Genome Project sought to develop new tools to obtain and analyze the data and to make this information widely available. Also, because advances in genetics have consequences for individuals and society, the Human Genome Project committed to exploring the consequences of genomic research through its Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program. What did the Human Genome Project accomplish? In April 2003, researchers announced that the Human Genome Project had completed a high-quality sequence of essentially the entire human genome. This sequence closed the gaps from a working draft of the genome, which was published in 2001. It also identified the locations of many human genes and provided information about their structure and organization. The Project made the sequence of the human genome and tools to analyze the data freely available via the Internet. In addition to the human genome, the Human Genome Project sequenced the genomes of several other organisms, including brewers’ yeast, the roundworm, and the fruit fly. In 2002, researchers announced that they had also completed a working draft of the mouse genome. By studying the similarities and differences between human genes and those of other organisms, researchers can discover the functions of particular genes and identify which genes are critical for life. The Project’s Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program became the world’s largest bioethics program and a model for other ELSI programs worldwide. For additional information about ELSI and the program’s accomplishments, please refer to what were some of the ethical, legal, and social implications addressed by the Human Genome Project? What were some of the ethical, legal, and social implications addressed by the Human Genome Project? The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was founded in 1990 as an integral part of the Human Genome Project. The mission of the ELSI program was to identify and address issues raised by genomic research that would affect individuals, families, and society. A percentage of the Human Genome Project budget at the National Institutes of Health and the U. S. Department of Energy was devoted to ELSI research. The ELSI program focused on the possible consequences of genomic research in four main areas: Privacy and fairness in the use of genetic information, including the potential for genetic discrimination in employment and insurance. The integration of new genetic technologies, such as genetic testing, into the practice of clinical medicine. Ethical issues surrounding the design and conduct of genetic research with people, including the process of informed consent. The education of healthcare professionals, policy makers, students, and the public about genetics and the complex issues that result from genomic research.